Particulate matter exchange between atmosphere and roads surfaces in urban areas

The deposition and the re-suspension of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas are the key processes that contribute not only to stormwater pollution, but also to air pollution. However, investigation of the deposition and the re-suspension of PM is challenging because of the difficulties in distinguishing between the resuspended and the deposited PM. This study created two Bayesian Networks (BN) models to explore the deposition and the re-suspension of PM as well as the important influential factors. The outcomes of BN modelling revealed that deposition and re-suspension of PM10 occurred under both, high-traffic and low-traffic conditions, and the re-suspension of PM2.5 occurred under low-traffic conditions. The deposition of PM10 under low-volume traffic condition is 1.6 times higher than under high-volume traffic condition, which is attributed to the decrease in PM10 caused by relatively higher turbulence under high-volume traffic conditions. PM10 is more easily resuspended from road surfaces compared to PM2.5 as the particles which larger than the thickness of the laminar airflow over the road surface are more easily removed from road surfaces. The increase in wind speed contributes to the increase in PM build-up by transporting particulates from roadside areas to the road surfaces and the airborne PM2.5 and PM10 increases with the increase in relative humidity. The study outcomes provide a step improvement in the understanding of the transfer processes of PM2.5 and PM10 between atmosphere and urban road surfaces, which in turn will contribute to the effective design of mitigation measures for urban stormwater and air pollution.     

Analytical methods and environmental processes of nanoplastics

The degradation of plastic debris may result in the generation of nanoplastics (NPs). Their high specific surface area for the sorption of organic pollutions and toxic heavy metals and possible transfer between organisms at different nutrient levels make the study of NPs an urgent priority. However, there is very limited understanding on the occurrence, distribution, abundant, and fate of NPs in the environment, partially due to the lack of suitable techniques for the separation and identification of NPs from complex environmental matrices. In this review, we first overviewed the state-of-the-art methods for the extraction, separation, identification and quantification of NPs in the environment. Some of them have been successfully applied for the field determination of NPs, while some are borrowed from the detection of microplastics or engineered nanomaterials. Then the possible fate and transport of NPs in the environment are thoroughly described. Although great efforts have been made during the recent years, large knowledge gaps still exist, such as the relatively high detection limit of existing method failing to detect ultralow masses of NPs in the environment, and spherical polystyrene NP models failing to represent the various compositions of NPs with different irregular shapes, which needs further investigation.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域水质改善效果评价

分别采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数评价法和模糊综合评价法对2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域的水质改善效果进行评价分析。结果表明:3种方法的评价结果基本一致,2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域整体水质呈现改善趋势。但各方法侧重点有所不同。单因子评价结果显示,海河流域21项污染因子Ⅰ—Ⅲ类数量占比由2015年的69.63%增加至2018年的89.52%,劣Ⅴ类占比由2015年的15.13%减少至2018年的0.85%;海河流域综合污染指数由2015年的0.89降低至2018年的0.56,水质级别由中度污染改善为轻度污染,其中卫河、共产主义渠、大沙河、安阳河、汤河、马颊河的水质状况均有一定改善;模糊评价结果显示,NH₃-N和TP在9项评价因子中权重占比较大,是河南省辖海河流域的主要污染因子;2018年8条河流均达到Ⅰ—Ⅲ类水质。前2种评价方法适用于管理分析,模糊评价法可补充说明河流存在的问题,更适用于研究工作。     

北京市典型汽修企业VOCs排放特征与臭氧影响分析

对北京地区27家汽修企业进行调研,选取2家典型汽修企业进行气袋采样-GC-MS-FID采集及分析,定量分析其VOCs的排放特征,并计算其臭氧生成潜势（OFP）。结果表明:使用不同漆料的汽修企业排放特征不同,水性漆企业非甲烷总烃的排放浓度为0.62~36.49 mg/m3,油性漆企业的排放浓度为0~100.39 mg/m3;水性漆排放的VOCs以烷烃为主,占比高达57.16%,丙烷（39.65%）和甲苯（11.41%）是首要污染物;卤代烃（55.51%）是油性漆企业的主要VOCs排放物种,主要组分为1,2-二氯丙烷和1,2-二氯乙烷;水性漆企业的OFP值为144.78 mg/m3,油性漆企业的OFP值为664.43 mg/m3,大气反应活性最大的物种多为芳香烃,芳香烃对OFP的贡献率分别为52.18%和88.44%。     

烟花爆竹燃放对大气污染物及PM2.5组分影响

为了解烟花爆竹燃放对保定市大气污染物和PM_2.5中水溶性离子及有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）浓度的影响,对保定市春节期间大气污染物和颗粒物组分的浓度特征进行了分析,并评估了烟花爆竹的贡献.结果表明： 2019年春节期间烟花爆竹集中燃放期PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO平均浓度比非集中燃放期分别增加了1.3、1.0、1.1、0.4、0.02倍;保定市春节期间禁燃措施施行后,除夕、初一2d污染物平均浓度、最高浓度和高浓度持续时间均明显下降,集中燃放期烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5、PM₁₀和SO₂浓度贡献量从50%左右（2018年、2017年）下降至30%左右（2019年）,其中SO₂贡献量下降幅度超过PM_2.5和PM₁₀;组分分析表明,接待中心站点（主城区）、涿州站点（区县建成区）烟花爆竹燃放期K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度在水溶性离子中的总占比分别为39.3%、51.1%,比非燃放期的占比显著上升;烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5中K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度贡献率在50%以上,其中对K⁺贡献占比高达89.0%,涿州站点SO₄^2-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-的贡献量分别是接待中心站点的2.2、2.1、1.9、1.8倍,燃放期硫氧化率（SOR）、氮氧化率（NOR）相比于非燃放期均有一定程度的升高;集中燃放期OC、EC浓度较非集中燃放期分别升高了2.5、2.1倍,烟花爆竹燃放对OC影响大于EC.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

融合Lamb-Jenkinson分型法和LSTM神经网络的PM2.5预测研究

文章采用NCEP/NCAR逐日海平面气压场资料,利用Lamb-Jenkinson环流分型法对张家口大气环流进行分型,分析环流型与PM_(2.5)质量浓度之间的关系,并针对PM_(2.5)浓度的预测,提出一种融合Lamb-Jenkinson环流分型和LSTM神经网络混合模型的方法,即以环流指数为预测因子基于LSTM方法搭建PM_(2.5)质量浓度的预测模型。结果表明:影响张家口地区的主要环流型有反气旋型、气旋型、偏北平直型、西南平直型、偏西平直型、东北平直型等、西北平直型、偏东平直型。PM_(2.5)污染日出现的主要环流型为南气旋平直型、东南平直型、偏南平直型、偏东气旋型、西南气旋平直型、偏东平直型、气旋型等,而反气旋型和反气旋式平直环流型不利于污染出现。张家口地区的PM_(2.5)污染与地面环流有着密切的联系,当存在PM_(2.5)污染时,张家口地区处于日本海高压后部的均压场区域,污染越严重,日本海高压中心强度越强。模型预测结果的均方根误差为9.88、平均绝对误差为5.84、拟合优度达0.80,表明该模型具有一定的预报能力。     

游离氯联合湿干比调控启动CRI系统短程硝化研究

短程硝化反硝化工艺为解决人工快渗(CRI)系统脱氮效率低的弊端提供了新思路,通过适宜的调控方法启动短程硝化是实现该工艺的关键。为此,考察了游离氯和湿干比对CRI系统内氮素污染物转化的影响,分析了不同阶段的菌群活性和结构特征,探究了游离氯联合湿干比调控启动CRI系统短程硝化的可行性。结果表明,连续添加3 mg/L游离氯23 d后NO2--N积累率稳定在70%左右,亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的活性将受到严重抑制且难以在短期内恢复。此时调节湿干比为1∶5,NH_4~+-N平均去除率、NO_2~--N平均积累率分别升高至97.41%、94.80%,成功启动短程硝化。16S rRNA高通量测序结果表明,CRI系统内氨氧化菌(AOB)的主要类型为Nitrosomonas、Nitrosovibrio,NOB的主要类型为Nitrospira。CRI系统短程硝化启动成功后,AOB的相对丰度由启动前的4.21%增加到6.69%,而NOB的相对丰度由4.34%降低到0.17%。因此,游离氯联合湿干比调控能选择性抑制NOB活性和促进AOB增殖,可为CRI系统启动短程硝化提供一种可行的新方法。     

Cr(Ⅵ)踪迹指标现场测定用于铬污染地下水源解析

根据研究区地下水样品测试结果,该文选定与Cr(Ⅵ)极强相关,且物理化学性质较稳定的钠离子作为研究地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)迁移规律的踪迹指标,并采用钠离子复合电极建立了踪迹指标现场检测方法。实验结果表明,钠离子浓度在5～500 mg/L线性范围内的电极响应斜率为-61.09 mV/pNa(103%),方法检出限为0.69 mg/L,加标回收率为92.8%～103.4%,现场测试结果与实验室测试结果一致。该研究根据踪迹指标钠离子与污染物现场检测数据,构建了钠离子与Cr(Ⅵ)浓度比值的对数函数,并有效识别出主污染源、次级污染源、污染物迁移主路径、潜在污染区、潜在影响区及背景区,为铬渣类污染场地土壤和地下水环境风险评价及污染修复提供了技术支撑和参考依据。